In Case You Missed It: October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month!

Breast cancer. Two words that can fill any woman with fear and uncertainty. It’s a journey no woman wants to take, but it’s a reality for millions of women worldwide. It’s a tough subject, but knowledge is power, and understanding our enemy (yes, cancer is our enemy for hurting millions of our cysters world-wide) can be a source of strength.

October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month, a time dedicated to raising awareness about this disease that affects millions of women worldwide. It’s a month for understanding, support, and action. 

Let’s take some time to understand breast cancer beyond the pink ribbon. 

What exactly is breast cancer? 

Breast cancer is a disease where abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the breast tissue. While it can be scary, it’s important to remember that there are many types of breast cancer and that treatments are constantly improving as research is non-stop.

Breast cancer is a reality for many South African women. 

It’s heartbreaking to say, but the numbers don’t lie: approximately 1 in 27 South African women will face a breast cancer diagnosis in their lifetime. That’s a lot of us, and it’s important to remember that it can happen to anyone, no matter your age or background. While the risk generally increases as we get older, it’s extremely important to know that even young women can be affected.

Common Symptoms of Breast Cancer

While it’s important to remember that not every symptom indicates breast cancer, it’s crucial to be aware of potential changes in your body. Here are some common symptoms:

• A new lump in your breast or armpit (often the first sign of breast cancer, but not all lumps are cancerous).
• Thickening or swelling of part of your breast.
• Irritation or dimpling of your breast skin.
• Redness or flaky skin in your nipple area or your breast.
• Pulling in of your nipple or breast (inversion).   
• Nipple discharge other than breastmilk.
• Pain in your breast or nipple.
• Swelling of lymph nodes under your arm or collarbone.

Less Common Symptoms of Breast Cancer

While the symptoms mentioned earlier are more widely recognised, there are other less common signs that women should be aware of:

• Skin changes: This can include redness, swelling, pitting (like an orange peel), or a rash on your breast.
• Nipple changes: Besides discharge, other changes like inversion (pulling in), flattening, or scaling can be indicative of breast cancer.
• Pain: Breast tenderness and/or pain unrelated to your menstrual cycle can sometimes be a symptom, but that’s more often associated with other conditions.
• Swelling: If your entire breast or a specific area swells without a clear cause, it’s important to consult a doctor.
• Lymph node changes: Enlarged or tender lymph nodes under your arm or collarbone could be a potential sign.

It’s important for us to emphasise that these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions. However, if you notice any unusual changes in your breasts, it’s essential to consult with your doctor for proper evaluation. Early detection is key to successful treatment.

Understanding the Different Types of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a complex disease, and there are many different types. It can feel overwhelming, but knowing about the different kinds can help you and your loved ones feel more informed and empowered.

Common Types of Breast Cancer

• Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): This is like a seed that hasn’t quite sprouted. It’s abnormal cells that are contained within the milk ducts and haven’t spread. While it’s important to find and diagnose, it’s often treatable.
• Invasive Ductal Carcinoma: This is when those abnormal cells start to spread beyond the milk ducts into the surrounding breast tissue. It’s a more aggressive type, but don’t worry – treatments are improving all the time.
• Triple Negative Breast Cancer: This type doesn’t have receptors for estrogen, progesterone, or HER2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 is a protein found on the surface of breast cells. Normally, HER2 helps control cell growth and repair.), making it a bit trickier to treat. But researchers are making strides in understanding and tackling this type of breast cancer.
• Inflammatory Breast Cancer: This one can be sneaky as it often doesn’t form a lump. Instead, the breast may look red, swollen, or feel warm to touch. It’s important to know the signs, but remember, it’s less common.
• Phyllodes Tumor: This is a rare type that grows quickly, but usually stays within the breast. It’s important to monitor closely, but due to its localised nature, it’s not as sinister  as it may sound.

Less Common Types

• Metastatic Breast Cancer: This is when breast cancer spreads to other parts of the body, like the lungs, bones, or brain. It’s a tough journey, but there are treatments and support available.
• Cribriform Breast Cancer: This is a slow-growing type often found with other types. It typically has a positive prognosis.
• Medullary, Tubular, and Mucinous Carcinomas: These are less common types, but they are treatable. Medullary might show up on a mammogram, but not feel like a lump. Tubular often affects women over 50 and responds well to hormone therapy. Mucinous is slow-growing and typically has a positive prognosis .
• Paget Disease of the Breast or Nipple: This affects the skin of the nipple and areola. It often means there’s a tumour elsewhere in the breast.

 

Understanding the Complex Link Between Hormones and Breast Cancer

Hormones, particularly estrogen and progesterone, are vital for the healthy development and function of female reproductive organs, including the breasts. They stimulate the growth of breast tissue during puberty, pregnancy, and the menstrual cycle. However, an intricate interplay of these hormones, along with other factors, can influence the risk of developing breast cancer.

Estrogen: The Key Player

• • Normal Function: Estrogen is essential for the development of breast tissue and the maintenance of its health.
  • Impact on Breast Cancer: Excessive or prolonged exposure to estrogen can stimulate the growth of breast cells, including abnormal ones. This increased cell growth can lead to an elevated risk of breast cancer.

• Sources of Estrogen:

• • Ovarian production: The primary source of estrogen in premenopausal women.
  • Body fat: The body can convert certain substances into estrogen-like compounds, contributing to overall estrogen levels. This is why obesity is linked to an increased risk of breast cancer.
  • Diet: Some foods contain phytoestrogens, which mimic the effects of estrogen in the body. While research on their impact for increased breast cancer risk is ongoing, it’s essential to maintain a balanced diet.

Progesterone’s Role

• Counterbalance to Estrogen: Progesterone helps to balance the effects of estrogen on breast tissue.
• Impact on Breast Cancer: While progesterone itself doesn’t directly cause breast cancer, an imbalance between estrogen and progesterone, with higher estrogen levels, can contribute to the disease.
• Hormone Receptor Positive Breast Cancer: Some breast cancers have receptors for estrogen and progesterone. These hormones can stimulate the growth of these cancer cells.

Factors Influencing Hormone Levels

There are a lot of factors that can affect hormone levels throughout your life:

• Age:

• • Puberty: Hormone levels rise, leading to breast development.
  • Reproductive years: Fluctuations in hormone levels occur with each menstrual cycle.
  • Menopause: Estrogen levels decline significantly.
• Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: These temporarily alter hormone levels. Breastfeeding, in particular, is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer.
• Menstruation: Hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle can affect breast tissue.
• Obesity: Excess body fat can produce estrogen-like substances.
• Early First Period and Late Menopause: Longer exposure to estrogen increases breast cancer risk.
• Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): While effective for managing menopausal symptoms, HRT can slightly increase breast cancer risk.
• Birth Control: Some birth control pills contain hormones that can influence breast tissue, but the overall risk is very small.

 

Why Should Women Care About Breast Cancer?

• It’s common: Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in women.
• Early detection saves lives: Finding breast cancer early makes treatment much more effective. Regular self-exams and mammograms are crucial.
• Impact on quality of life: Breast cancer treatment can be tough, but early detection often means less invasive treatments and a better chance of a full recovery.
• Supporting loved ones: Many women have mothers, sisters, or friends who have been affected by breast cancer. Understanding the disease helps you support them.
• Empowerment: Knowledge is power. Understanding breast cancer helps you take control of your health and make informed decisions.
• Raising awareness: By talking about breast cancer openly, we can help break the stigmas attached and encourage others to get checked.

Pro Tip: Taking care of your breasts is a form of self-love. It’s about prioritising your health and well-being.

Lesser-Known Facts About Breast Cancer

1. Not all lumps are cancerous: This might seem obvious, but many women worry unnecessarily about every bump they find. While it’s essential to get any changes checked, it’s important to remember that not all breast lumps are cancerous.
2. Breast density matters: Dense breast tissue can make it harder to detect cancer on a mammogram. If you have dense breasts, consider talking to your doctor about additional screening options.

How do you know if you have dense breasts? 

Unfortunately, you can’t feel your breast to tell whether or not you have dense breasts.

Dense breast tissue can only be determined through a mammogram. The radiologist will compare the amount of fatty tissue compared to dense tissue in your breasts to determine your breast density level.

3. Lifestyle factors play a huge role: While genetics can increase your risk, lifestyle choices like maintaining a healthy weight, regular exercise, and a balanced diet can significantly reduce your chances of developing breast cancer.
4. Breast cancer can occur in young women: While it’s more common in older women, breast cancer can affect women of all ages. It’s important to be know of your body and report any changes to your doctor, regardless of your age.
5. Breast cancer isn’t always painful: Contrary to popular belief, breast cancer often doesn’t cause pain. That’s why regular self-exams and mammograms are crucial for early detection.
6. Not all breast cancers are the same: There are different types of breast cancer, each with its own characteristics and treatment options. Understanding the specific type of breast cancer can help you and your doctor create a personalised treatment plan.
7. Support groups can be a lifeline: Connecting with other women who have experienced breast cancer can provide invaluable emotional support and practical advice.

The Importance of Breast Self-Examination (BSE)

Breast self-examination (BSE) is a powerful tool for early breast cancer detection. While not a substitute for regular clinical breast exams or mammograms, BSE can help you become familiar with your breasts so you can recognise any changes.

Here’s why BSE is important:

• Early detection: Finding a lump or other changes early can significantly improve treatment outcomes.
• Empowerment: Taking control of your breast health empowers you to be proactive about your well-being.
• Familiarity: Regular BSE helps you become familiar with your breasts’ normal appearance and texture.
• Peace of mind: Knowing your body can reduce anxiety and help you differentiate between normal variations and potential concerns.

How to Perform a Breast Self-Examination (BSE)

It’s important to find a time each month that’s convenient for you to perform a breast self-exam. Many women choose to do it right after their period, when their breasts are less tender.

Here’s a basic guide:

1. Look at your breasts in the mirror:
   • Stand in front of a mirror with your arms at your sides.
   • Look for any changes in size, shape, or colour.
   • Check for dimpling, puckering, or inversion of the nipple.
   • Raise your arms overhead and look for the same changes.
2. Feel your breasts while showering:
   • Use the pads of your three middle fingers to gently explore your entire breast and underarm area.
   • Use light, medium, and firm pressure to feel for any lumps, thickenings, or changes.
   • Pay attention to the texture and consistency of your breast tissue.
3. Feel your breasts while lying down:
   • Lie down with a pillow under your right shoulder and your right arm behind your head.
   • Use the pads of your left hand to examine your right breast.
   • Use a circular motion to cover the entire breast and underarm area.
   • Repeat on the other side.

Remember:

• It’s normal for breasts to change throughout the month.
• If you find any concerning changes, consult your healthcare provider.

Consistency is key. The more you perform BSE, the better you’ll become at recognising what’s normal for you.

Note: While BSE is a valuable tool, it’s not a replacement for regular clinical breast exams or mammograms.

Supporting a Loved One with Breast Cancer

Practical Support

• Offer concrete help: This could include cooking meals, cleaning, running errands, or providing transportation to appointments.
• Create a support network: Connect with other friends and family to coordinate support efforts.
• Manage household tasks: Offer to handle chores like laundry, grocery shopping, or bill paying.
• Childcare assistance: If your loved one has children, offer to help with childcare.

Emotional Support

• Be present: Spend quality time with your loved one, listening without judgement.
• Offer encouragement: Remind them of their strength and resilience.
• Validate their feelings: Let them know it’s okay to feel whatever they’re feeling, whether it’s anger, sadness, or fear.
• Help with information: Offer to research treatment options or support groups.
• Encourage self-care: Remind your loved one to prioritise rest, relaxation, and self-care.

Practical Tips

• Communicate openly: Talk about how you’re feeling and ask how you can best support them.
• Set boundaries: It’s important to take care of yourself too. Don’t feel guilty about setting boundaries.
• Seek support: Consider joining a support group for caregivers or talking to a therapist.

Remember, every person’s experience with breast cancer is unique. The best way to support your loved one is to listen to their needs and adjust your support accordingly.

Breast cancer is a tough opponent to face, but when we’re armed with knowledge, we can significantly improve our chances of overcoming it. By understanding the different types, symptoms, and risk factors, we empower ourselves and our loved ones to make informed decisions about breast health. 

It’s time to transform October into a month of not just awareness, but ACTION! If you or anyone you know is battling breast cancer and is in need of support, please contact one of the following helplines:

Bosom Buddies: 086 028 3343

The Breast Health Foundation: 011 482 9492 or 0860 283 343

CANSA: 080 022 6622 (toll-free) or 011 616 7662

The Pink Drive: 011 998 8022 or 083 460 6146

Wings of Hope: 082 448 9987

 

Sources:

• American Cancer Society 
• Breast Cancer Now 
• Mayo Clinic
• World Health Organization
• Cancer Research UK
• Cancer Association South Africa 

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